Ghala Repository

Ghala- PAC University Repository

Ghala is the institutional repository of the PAC University, managed by the University Library Team. The Repository is committed to store and preserve the University's research outputs. Research outputs can include, but are not limited to, publications, conference proceedings, book chapters, monographs, theses, various forms of research data (video recordings, spreadsheets, computational scripts, code, images etc.), archives, presentations and others.

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Recent Submissions

Access status: Open Access ,
Mediating Effect of Psychosocial Support on Relationship Between Parental Mentorship and Teenage Delinquency in Presbyterian Churches in Kawangware, Dagoretti Subcounty, Nairobi, Kenya
(PAC University, 2026-10-27)
Ann Muthoni Gichuki
Teenage delinquency constitutes great concern in the contemporary world. This study sought to investigate the mediating effect of psychosocial support on relationship between parental mentorship and teenage delinquency in Presbyterian Churches in Kawangware, Dagoretti Sub-County, Nairobi, Kenya. The specific objectives were: to examine the prevalence of teenage delinquency; to investigate the role of parental mentorship on teenage delinquency, to assess the extent to which psychosocial support mediates the relationship between parental mentorship and teenage delinquency, and to establish the possible interventions to teenage delinquency. The study was anchored on Psychological Wellbeing Theory and the Social Control Theory. The study employed embedded mixed-methods research design. The target population comprised 277 teenagers drawn from three Presbyterian Church of East Africa assemblies in Kawangware. A stratified sample of 164 teenagers was recruited for this study. Data was collected using the Mentoring Function Questionnaire, Ryff’s Psychological WellBeing Scale, and Self-Reported Delinquency Scale. In-depth interviews were also administered on 20 parents to corroborate the quantitative data. Quantitative data was analysed using multiple linear regression using SPSS version 25. Qualitative data was analyzed using Nvivo version 12. Results showed that theft emerged as the most prevalent delinquent behavior (M = 2.76), followed by truancy (M = 2.58) and violent behavior (M = 2.28). Educational support was the most manifest form of parental mentorship (M = 4.23, SD = 0.95), followed by role-modelling (M = 4.08, SD = 0.85), and lastly, psychosocial support (M = 3.87, SD = 0.98). Parental mentorship significantly explained approximately 19.8% of the variance in teenage delinquency (R² = .198, p<.05). The regression coefficient for parental mentorship was negative and significant (B = -0.341, p < .05), suggesting that higher levels of parental mentorship are associated with lower levels of teenage delinquency. Qualitative interviews highlighted the theme of value-based and practical mentorship as encouraging positive choices. However, while parental mentorship accounted for approximately 52.9% of the variance in psychosocial support (R² = .529, p<.05), psychosocial support did not significantly mediate the relationship between parental mentorship and teenage delinquency (p>.05). Environmental influence and peer pressure were highlighted by parents as playing a key role in adolescent delinquency. Thematic analysis yielded three complimentary psychosocial intervention themes: Youth Empowerment and Practical Engagement Programs, Value-Based Guidance, and Strengthening Family Relationships. It was recommended that effective psychosocial interventions should center on structured- collective youth empowerment initiatives, moral instruction, and the strengthening of parent-teen relationships. Since adolescent delinquency is a concern that spans across all social classes, and in light of the unique social and economic challenges in Kawangware and similar urban informal settlements, future research should turn attention to adolescents hailing within socioeconomically endowed families.
Access status: Open Access ,
Transformational Leadership, Strategic Orientation and Performance of County Governments in Kenya: A Case Of Makueni County
(PAC University, 2026-10-27)
Alex Kamau Wachira
The introduction of devolution in Kenya was intended to enhance service delivery, equitable resource distribution, accountability, and socio-economic development. Despite substantial fiscal transfers and expanded governance autonomy, many county governments persistently experience performance challenges characterized by low development budget absorption, delayed project implementation, and growing public discontent with service delivery outcomes. While leadership and strategy execution are widely acknowledged as critical drivers of organizational performance, empirical evidence remains inconclusive regarding the mechanisms through which transformational leadership influences county performance and whether strategic orientation strengthens this relationship within devolved governance systems. This study, therefore, examined the influence of Transformational leadership on performance of County governments in Kenya. It also assessed the mediating influence of strategic orientation on the relationship between transformational leadership and performance of the county governments. The study was anchored on the Transformational Leadership Theory and supported by the Upper Echelons Theory and Dynamic Capabilities Theory. A pragmatic research philosophy informed the study guided by an exploratory sequential mixed methods design. A census sampling approach was used to select 116 staff of Makueni County. A structured research questionnaire and key informant interview guide helped to collect quantitative and qualitative data respectively. In addition, a secondary data collection sheet was used to obtain performance data. The returned questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS (Version 25). Descriptive analysis was done using measures such as mean, mode, standard deviation and percentages. Inferential analysis was also done using multiple linear regression and Pearson Correlation analysis techniques. Prior to the actual analysis of the data, diagnostic tests for linearity, multi-collinearity and normality were performed. Results show a very strong and positive correlation (R=0.787) between transformational leadership and county performance. Strategic orientation did not significantly mediate this relationship in the context of county governments in Kenya. Moreover, the aggregate effect of transformational leadership on county performance was positive and statistically significant (β=0.656, p<0.001). Also, a statistically significant influence (β=0.594, p<0.001) of transformational leadership on county performance emerged regardless of the county’s strategic orientation. The indirect effect was non-significant (β=.062, 95% CI [-.214, 0.264]), indicating that strategic orientation does not mediate the relationship between transformational leadership and county performance. The findings provide evidence-based insights to policy makers, county leaders, and practitioners on how transformational leadership can enhance fiscal management, development planning and county performance with practical benchmark for other counties in Kenya. It highlights leadership practices and strategic approaches to good governance, sound decision-making, service delivery and sustainable development
Access status: Open Access ,
MBT 504 NEW TESTAMENT GREEK III
(Pac University, 2026-10-05)
Pac University
Access status: Open Access ,
BCM 209 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1
(Pac University, 2026-10-06)
Pac University
Access status: Open Access ,
MDB 502 HEBREW II
(Pac University, 2026-10-05)
Pac University