Ghala Repository

Ghala- PAC University Repository

Ghala is the institutional repository of the PAC University, managed by the University Library Team. The Repository is committed to store and preserve the University's research outputs. Research outputs can include, but are not limited to, publications, conference proceedings, book chapters, monographs, theses, various forms of research data (video recordings, spreadsheets, computational scripts, code, images etc.), archives, presentations and others.

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Recent Submissions

Access status: Open Access ,
The Impact of Authentic Leadership Factors on Church Growth in Embu County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2026-11-04)
Stephen Njoroge Kamau
Leadership is one of the biggest challenges facing churches operating in the ever changing and complex 21st century environment with authentic leadership playing a critical role in the church growth. This study sought to assess the impact of Authentic Leadership factors on Church Growth in Embu County, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study are: to establish the impact of trust in church growth; to determine the impact of transparency and accountability on church growth; to evaluate the impact of visionary leadership on church growth; to determine the impact of teamwork on church growth and to examine the moderating effect of personal characteristics on the relationship between authentic leadership factors and church growth. The study was confined on impact of Authentic Leadership factors on Church Growth in Embu County. Descriptive survey design and positivism philosophy was adopted in this study. The target population of this study was all congregants of churches in Embu west Sub County. Purposeful sampling technique was employed to obtain the sample. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used in collection of data. Data analysis utilized both descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics revealed high scores of authentic leadership dimensions beginning with teamwork (4.14, SD = 0.636), followed by trust in church leadership (4.18, SD = 0.518), visionary leadership (4.17, SD = 0.623), and lastly, transparency and accountability (3.92, SD = 0.729). A strong positive correlation was found between church growth and teamwork (r = .820, p<.01), visionary leadership (r = .803, p<.01), transparency and accountability (r = .747, p<.01), and trust (r = .722, p<.01). Regression analysis showed that authentic leadership significantly predicted church growth (R² = .740, p <.01). However, personal characteristics did not significantly moderate the relationship between authentic leadership and church growth (ΔR² = .000, p >.05). Thematic analysis showed that integrity, transparency, and accountability were seen as key components of authentic leadership, with leaders who embodied these traits fostering strong relationships and trust within their communities. However, challenges such as breaches of trust, lack of vision, poor accountability, and hierarchical overreach were identified as barriers to church growth. Conclusions were drawn that: trust is indispensable to church growth, and so are transparency and accountability, visionary leadership, and teamwork. The study affirmed authentic leadership as a critical leadership framework with implications for church growth. Therefore, church leaders should prioritize building trust within the congregation. Church policymakers should implement and enforce policies that promote transparency, accountability, and trust within the church. It is also recommended that church members actively engage in church activities and hold leaders accountable for their actions. Leadership developers should prioritize and recommend the development of leaders who embody trust, transparency, and teamwork. Further research should explore the concept of authentic leadership within other faith-based organizations such as church-sponsored organizations.
Access status: Open Access ,
Effect of Team Leadership and Organizational Structure on the Growth of Selected Pentecostal Churches in Kenya
(PAC University, 2026-11-04)
Samwel Muguna Henry
Although from a global perspective Pentecostalism appeared to be growing, there are some parts of the globe, regionally, and locally where growth is not taking place. The church is encouraged to apply a leadership style that can enable growth in all dimensions. This study assessed the effect of team leadership and organizational structure on the growth of selected Pentecostal churches in Kenya. Three theories informed this research: the Hill Model for Team Leadership Theory, Classical Organizational Theory and Mead’s Theory of Church Growth. The study employed a pragmatism research philosophy. The research design was a convergent parallel mixed method, while the target population was the selected Pentecostal churches in the 47 counties of Kenya, where the number of bishops, reverends, and pastors totaled 42,209. Through purposive sampling, the study targeted five counties from the 47 counties of Kenya, where the number of bishops, reverends, and pastors totaled 7,626. The sample size was 380 respondents. Data collection was done through open- and closed-ended questionnaires, and interviews. The analysis of the data was done using SPSS version 20.0 and NVIVO 12 Pro software. Quantitative data was analysed using correlation and regression techniques while qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis method. The study revealed that shared values had a small but significant positive effect on church growth, accounting for 4.7% of the variance, with mutuality emerging as a key theme. Team competence showed a moderate positive effect, explaining 7.8% of the variance, supported by the theme of team capability. Similarly, integrity accounted for 7.3% of the variance in church growth, with accountability highlighted as an essential theme. Humility had a notable positive effect, explaining 13.4% of the variance, with a willingness to learn identified as a critical sub-theme. Collaborative climate had the strongest effect, accounting for 16.8% of the variance, with inter-denominational partnerships and workgroup support underscored as vital qualitative insights. While organizational structure strongly predicted church growth (p<.01), it did not moderate the relationship between team leadership and growth; however, qualitative data highlighted its operational role through themes such as unified commitment and departmentalization. The study concluded that team leadership played a positive role in church growth but it was not a panacea for church growth. Further, while organization structure directly contributed to church growth, it did not moderate the effect of team leadership. It was recommended that church leaders should develop and implement policies that promote a culture of teamwork and collaboration. The research should be replicated in other church denominations for comparison.
Access status: Open Access ,
Influence of Social Media Usage on Marital Satisfaction Among Married Graduate Students at Pan Africa Christian University, Nairobi, Kenya
(PAC University, 2026-11-04)
Samantha Nashipae Kusero
With the growing prevalence of social media in daily life, understanding its impact on marital dynamics has become increasingly relevant. This study explored the influence of social media usage on marital satisfaction among married graduate students at Pan Africa Christian (PAC) University. The research objectives were: to examine the patterns of social media usage among married graduate students at PAC University, Nairobi, Kenya, to determine its perceived effects of social media usage on marital satisfaction among married graduate students at PAC University, Nairobi, Kenya, to identify literature-based strategies for promoting healthy social media usage among married graduate students at PAC University, Nairobi, Kenya, and to establish the relationship between social media usage and marital satisfaction among married graduate students at PAC University, Nairobi, Kenya. Guided by the Attachment Theory and Uses and Gratification Theory, the study adopted a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. The study targeted married graduate students at PAC University, with a sample of 218 participants, that were determined using Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) formula. Participants were selected through convenience sampling technique. Of these, 185 completed the quantitative questionnaires, while 9 participated in semi-structured interviews to provide qualitative insights. Quantitative data was collected using the Social Networking Time Use Scale (SONTUS) and the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI), while qualitative insights were gathered through semi-structured interviews. Descriptive statistics and correlational analysis were conducted using SPSS version 30 for the quantitative data, and thematic analysis was applied to the qualitative data to uncover patterns related to participants’ experiences. The findings revealed minimal direct influence of social media usage on marital satisfaction, with social media serving primarily as a tool for emotional regulation and connection. Themes that emerged from the study included the importance of setting boundaries around social media use, fostering transparency and managing emotional responses to content, as well as the role of spiritual values in guiding digital engagement. These findings, along with the overall minimal effect of social media on marital satisfaction, contribute to a broader understanding of the influence of digital communication on marital well-being among the married graduate students who participated in the study. The study concludes that social media, while offering emotional support and connection, had a limited effect on marital satisfaction, suggesting that other factors, such as communication and shared experiences, play a more significant role. Recommendations for practice, policy and future research are provided to enhance relationship quality. For practice, marriage therapists and couples are encouraged to develop strategies for fostering transparency and balancing online and offline interactions. Policy recommendations suggest that universities implement structured programs such as digital well-being workshops to support married graduate students. Future research is encouraged to examine the longterm effects of social media on marital satisfaction and investigate the evolving impact of social media on relationships over time.
Access status: Open Access ,
Servant Leadership, Organisational Commitment, and Performance of Uganda’s Parliamentary Committees
(PAC University, 2026-11-04)
Ruth Ekirapa Byoona
The underperformance of parliamentary committees in Uganda remains a major governance challenge, and despite existing focus on issues such as corruption and inadequate resources, limited attention has been given to the influence of servant leadership within the parliamentary context. Although servant leadership has been widely studied in sectors such as health, education, and business, its application to legislative institutions in sub-Saharan Africa remains underexplored. This study therefore aimed to determine the influence of servant leadership on the performance of parliamentary committees in Uganda, focusing on humility, persuasion, altruism, and empowerment, and examining the moderating role of organisational commitment by Servant Leadership Theory, Leader-Member Exchange Theory, and Goal Setting Theory. The study adopted a pragmatic paradigm and mixed-methods research design. Data were collected from 320 committee members using a census approach, alongside 12 committee chairpersons and 15 clerks selected purposively. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. Findings revealed that servant leadership traits were positively exhibited, with high mean scores of; humility (4.06), persuasion (4.02), altruism (4.03), and empowerment (3.99). Qualitative results confirmed that these traits foster inclusive decision-making, consensus-building, supportive work environments, and autonomy among committee members. Performance of parliamentary committees was also rated positively. Inferential analysis showed that servant leadership significantly influenced parliamentary committee performance, with humility (β = 0.640, p < 0.05), persuasion (β = 0.590, p < 0.05), altruism (β = 0.620, p < 0.05), and empowerment (β = 0.610, p < 0.05) all demonstrating positive and statistically significant effects, with empowerment and altruism emerging as the strongest predictors. Organisational commitment was found to significantly moderate the relationship, strengthening the influence of servant leadership, particularly altruism and empowerment, on performance outcomes. The study concludes that servant leadership is a key driver of performance of parliamentary committees, enhancing participation, engagement, and output quality. It was further concluded that the performance of committtees is strengthened when supported by high levels of organisational commitment. The study recommends institutionalising servant leadership through leadership training, capacity building, and policy frameworks, alongside strengthening organisational commitment through improved working conditions and inclusive governance practices. The study contributes to theory by extending servant leadership to legislative contexts in sub-Saharan Africa and provides practical insights for strengthening parliamentary leadership and governance. These findings are beneficial to parliamentary stakeholders, policymakers, researchers, and development partners seeking to improve legislative performance in Uganda.
Access status: Open Access ,
Exploring the Relationship Between ‘Partner Phubbing ' and Marital Satisfaction Among Married Couples in Selected Churches in Nakuru County, Kenya
(PAC University, 2026-11-04)
Roselyn Naliali Ogalle
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between partner phubbing and marital satisfaction among married couples in Nakuru County, Kenya. Its objectives included determining the prevalence of partner phubbing among married couples, assessing marital satisfaction among married couples, establishing the relationship between partner phubbing and marital satisfaction, and identifying measures that can be used to mitigate partner phubbing. The study adopted a pragmatist philosophy, which enabled the researcher to employ a convergent parallel mixed research design. The target population was 616,046 married couples. Both purposive and stratified sampling techniques were used to select a sample size of 392 respondents. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and interview schedule. The questionnaire consisted of the Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI) and the Partner Phubbing Scale (PPS). The thematic analysis approach was employed in qualitative data analysis, while descriptive and inferential statistics, including multiple linear regression and Pearson's correlation analysis, were utilized in quantitative data analysis. The study observed the required ethical requirements, including obtaining clearance from the Institutional Scientific and Ethics Review Committee (ISERC) of PAC University and a research permit from NACOSTI. Participation in the investigation was voluntary and free from coercion. The study found that phubbing behavior occurred at varying levels: 39.5% reported sometimes experiencing it in their marriages, 25.5% reported often experiencing it, 16.7% rarely, and 13.1% always, while 5.2% indicated they had never experienced phubbing in their relationship. Regarding marital satisfaction, 34.6% of respondents reported very high satisfaction, 28.8% moderate, and 23.2% high. In contrast, 10.8% of the respondents reported low marital satisfaction, while 2.6% indicated very low levels of marital satisfaction. The study further established that partner phubbing (t= 3.989, p=0) significantly affected the marital satisfaction of married couples. The standardized Beta coefficient suggested that partner phubbing had a weak negative impact (B= -0.223). As mitigation measures against phubbing, married couples set boundaries on phone usage (mean = 2.01, SD = 1.129), enhancing communication techniques (mean = 2.67, SD = 1.145), being mindful and present (mean = 2.48, SD = 1.131), and addressing the emotional impact of phubbing (mean = 2.53, SD = 1.174). The study concluded that partner phubbing significantly and negatively influences marital satisfaction, even in a situation where the effect is weak. The study recommended that education programs on marital relationships, therapists, and marital interventions adopt differentiated and tailored methodologies in efforts geared towards addressing phubbing, noting that its frequency and impact vary widely among couples. Additionally, marital therapists must assess how, when, and why phubbing occurs in each relationship, examining the underlying causes. This kind of context-sensitive assessment will be beneficial in developing personalized interventions to minimize phubbing-related issues among married couples.